Chipangizo chochotsera zinyalala zina zomwe zili mumlengalenga. Pamene makina a pisitoni (injini yoyaka mkati, kompresa yobwerezabwereza, ndi zina zotero) ikugwira ntchito, ngati mpweya wopuma uli ndi fumbi ndi zonyansa zina, zidzakulitsa kuvala kwa ziwalozo, kotero kuti zosefera za mpweya ziyenera kuikidwa.

Sefa ya mpweya imakhala ndi magawo awiri: chinthu chosefera ndi chipolopolo. Zofunikira zazikulu za fyuluta ya mpweya ndizosefera kwambiri, kukana kutsika kochepa, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mosalekeza kwa nthawi yayitali.

zotsatira zazikulu

Injini iyenera kuyamwa mpweya wambiri panthawi yogwira ntchito. Ngati mpweya sunasefedwe, fumbi loyimitsidwa mumlengalenga limayamwa mu silinda, zomwe zidzafulumizitsa kuvala kwa msonkhano wa pisitoni ndi silinda. Tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timalowa pakati pa pisitoni ndi silindayo timayambitsa kukoka kwa silinda, komwe kumakhala kowopsa kwambiri pamalo owuma komanso amchenga. Zosefera za mpweya zimayikidwa kutsogolo kwa chitoliro cholowetsamo kuti zisefe fumbi ndi mchenga mumlengalenga, kuonetsetsa kuti mpweya wokwanira ndi woyera umalowa mu silinda.

Pakati pa zikwizikwi ndi zigawo za galimoto, fyuluta ya mpweya ndi chinthu chosadziwika kwambiri, chifukwa sichigwirizana mwachindunji ndi luso la galimoto, koma pakugwiritsa ntchito galimotoyo, fyuluta ya mpweya ndi (makamaka engine) imakhudza kwambiri moyo wautumiki.

Kumbali imodzi, ngati palibe kusefa kwa fyuluta ya mpweya, injiniyo imakoka mpweya wambiri wokhala ndi fumbi ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono, zomwe zimapangitsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu ndi kung'ambika kwa silinda ya injini; Kumbali ina, ngati sichikusungidwa kwa nthawi yayitali pakugwiritsa ntchito, fyuluta ya mpweya The fyuluta yotsukira idzadzazidwa ndi fumbi mumlengalenga, zomwe sizidzangochepetsa mphamvu zosefera, komanso kulepheretsa kufalikira kwa mpweya, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mpweya wochuluka kwambiri ukhale wosakanikirana komanso kugwira ntchito kwa injini. Choncho, kukonza nthawi zonse fyuluta ya mpweya ndikofunikira.

Zosefera za mpweya nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi mitundu iwiri: kusamba kwa pepala ndi mafuta. Chifukwa zosefera pamapepala zimakhala ndi zabwino zosefera kwambiri, kulemera kochepa, zotsika mtengo, komanso kukonza bwino, zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Kuchita bwino kwa kusefera kwa chinthu chosefera pamapepala ndikokwera mpaka 99.5%, ndipo kusefera kwamafuta osambira amafuta ndi 95-96% munthawi yake.

Zosefera za mpweya zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magalimoto ndi zosefera zamapepala, zomwe zimagawidwa kukhala zowuma komanso zonyowa. Pazinthu zowuma zosefera, zikamizidwa mumafuta kapena chinyezi, kukana kusefera kumawonjezeka kwambiri. Choncho, pewani kukhudzana ndi chinyezi kapena mafuta poyeretsa, apo ayi ziyenera kusinthidwa ndi zatsopano.

Injini ikamathamanga, mpweya umalowa mwapang'onopang'ono, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mpweya wa m'nyumba zosefera mpweya uzigwedezeka. Kuthamanga kwa mpweya kumasinthasintha kwambiri, nthawi zina kumakhudza mphamvu ya injini. Kuphatikiza apo, phokoso lakudya lidzawonjezeka panthawiyi. Pofuna kupondereza phokoso lakumwa, kuchuluka kwa nyumba zotsuka mpweya zitha kuonjezedwa, ndipo magawo ena amakonzedwa kuti achepetse kumveka.

Chosefera cha chotsukira mpweya chimagawidwa m'mitundu iwiri: chinthu chowuma ndi fyuluta yonyowa. Zowuma zosefera ndi pepala losefera kapena nsalu yopanda nsalu. Pofuna kuwonjezera malo olowera mpweya, zinthu zambiri zosefera zimakonzedwa ndi makutu ang'onoang'ono. Choseferacho chikasokonezedwa pang'ono, chimatha kuwomberedwa ndi mpweya woponderezedwa. Zosefera zikawonongeka kwambiri, ziyenera kusinthidwa ndi zatsopano pakapita nthawi.

Chosefera chonyowa chimapangidwa ndi siponji ngati polyurethane. Mukayiyika, onjezerani mafuta a injini ndikuukanda ndi dzanja kuti mutenge zinthu zakunja mumlengalenga. Ngati sefayo yadetsedwa, imatha kutsukidwa ndi mafuta oyeretsera, ndipo choseferacho chiyenera kusinthidwa ngati chadetsedwa kwambiri.

Ngati fyulutayo yatsekedwa kwambiri, kukana kwa mpweya kumawonjezeka ndipo mphamvu ya injini idzachepa. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kwa kukana kwa mpweya, kuchuluka kwa mafuta omwe amayamwa nawo kudzawonjezeka, zomwe zidzachititsa kuti chiŵerengero cha osakaniza olemera kwambiri chiwonongeke, chomwe chidzasokoneza kayendetsedwe ka injini, kuwonjezera kugwiritsira ntchito mafuta, ndi kutulutsa mpweya mosavuta. Muyenera kukhala ndi chizolowezi choyang'ana zinthu zosefera mpweya pafupipafupi.